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QUESTIONS
» Image Artefacts

These questions are concerned with MRI image features which do not represent the object in the field-of-view.

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Aliasing Solutions

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List up to 6 solutions for aliasing.

The simplest way to eliminate wrap-around is to increase the FOV to encompass the entire anatomical dimension of the subject in that direction. (This also decreases spatial resolution, however; a larger FOV means a weaker gradient.) To compensate for this the number of phase-encoding steps is increased (phase over-sampling), increasing scan time (without altering the FOV). This is sometimes called "no phase wrap". If the number of excitations (NEX or NSA) is greater than 1 it may be reduced to reduce the scan time.

A surface coil covers only the area within the field of view, and the sensitivity of the coil outside the FOV is low. This means that the signal from foldover is small. Surface coils are also used to increase the signal to noise ratio (SNR).

"No frequency wrap" uses digital filters to cut off signal beyond the edges of the FOV. This cannot be applied in the phase encoding direction, because phase is cyclic. (370° phase will be wrapped around to the 10° phase.)

Over-sampling in the frequency direction can also be employed, with no SNR or time penalty.

Spatial presaturation pulses can be used to saturate the signal from regions of the patient that will wrap around and thus minimise aliasing.

You could also try reversing the phase and frequency encoding directions to prevent the aliasing, as long as the object remains within the FOV in the phase encoding direction. If it doesn't, the artefact may remain but the anatomy of interest may no longer be obscured.

Further reading on this topic:
Books: MRI From Picture to Proton p48-49, 96-98, MRI The Basics p175-177, Q&A in MRI p133-141
Online: Basics of MRI, MRItutor, St Paul's 1, 2

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